BIO104 - Nutrients & energyharvesting

How does intracellular digestion begin?

Question

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis

Answer

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Mariel

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Questions in this set (120)

How does intracellular digestion begin?

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis

What is the digestive system's role?

It breaks down food into simple nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

How are foodstuffs digested into simple molecules?

By chemical digestion called enzymatic hydrolysis

What cellular structures fuse during intracellular digestion?

Food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes

What do lysosomes contain that aids in intracellular digestion?

Hydrolytic enzymes

Name three products of food digestion that are transported into the blood.

Sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

What is extracellular digestion?

Breakdown of food particles outside of cells

List the main stages of food processing.

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, secretion, absorption, and defecation

Is ingestion maximized or optimized?

Maximized

Is absorption optimized or maximized?

Optimized

What structure do animals with simple body plans have for digestion and nutrient distribution?

Gastrovascular cavity

What advantage does extracellular digestion provide over intracellular digestion?

Permits larger food

What is the function of saliva delivered by the salivary glands?

Lubricates food

What kind of digestive system do more complex animals have?

Digestive tube with two openings (mouth and anus)

Name the different types of feeders.

Suspension feeders, filter feeders, bulk feeders, substrate feeders, fluid feeders

What enzyme in saliva initiates the breakdown of glucose polymers?

Salivary amylase

What are the main processes of how animals obtain nutrition?

Intake of food, digest, absorb nutrients

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

The mouth

Where does digestion occur to avoid self-digestion?

The stomach which is protected by the mucosal barrier

What is an example of evolutionary adaptation in animals that eat cellulose?

Evolutionary adaptation of digestive system in cellulose-eating animals

What is the effect of osmotic active particles in the gut?

Water retention in gut

What is the normal direction of flow in a digestive tube?

One-way flow

What control systems should one know regarding digestion?

Control systems for digestion, energy storage, and appetite

What feature allows digestive tubes to carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion?

Specialized regions (compartments)

What are the components of mucus found in saliva?

Water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins

Which enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary amylase

What are the products of fat digestion by pancreatic lipase?

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

What is the main learning goal regarding how animals obtain nutrition?

How animals take in, digest and absorb nutrition

What are the two main components of the mammalian digestive system?

Alimentary canal and accessory glands

What are the initial products of polysaccharide digestion by salivary amylase?

Smaller polysaccharides, maltose

According to the text, how is animal nutrition described?

Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up

Name four accessory glands of the mammalian digestive system.

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Into what shape does the tongue form food to aid in swallowing?

Bolus

To what two structures does the pharynx open?

Esophagus and trachea

To what organ does the esophagus connect?

Stomach

Where does protein digestion begin?

Stomach

What do herbivores eat?

Eat mainly plants and algae

What are the products of the action of nucleosidases and phosphatases?

Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates

To what organ does the trachea lead?

Lungs

What process pushes food along the alimentary canal?

Peristalsis

Which enzyme initiates protein digestion in the stomach?

Pepsin

What do carnivores eat?

Eat other animals

What is the end product of protein digestion?

Amino acids

Which enzyme breaks down small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides?

Pancreatic carboxypeptidase

To what substance does gastric juice convert a meal?

Acid chyme

What structures regulate the movement of material between compartments in the alimentary canal?

Sphincters

What are the initial products of protein digestion by pepsin?

Small polypeptides

What do omnivores regularly consume?

Consume animals, plants, or algae

What is one function of the sphincters in the stomach?

Prevent chyme from entering the esophagus

Which enzymes continue carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

Pancreatic amylases

What does an animal's diet provide?

Chemical energy, organic building blocks, essential nutrients

What is chemical energy converted into to power cellular processes?

Converted into ATP

What is another function of the sphincters in the stomach besides preventing chyme from entering the esophagus?

Regulate entry of chyme into the small intestine

What is produced by pancreatic amylases?

Disaccharides

Where are disaccharides broken down into monosaccharides?

Small intestine

In what part of the small intestine does chyme mix with digestive juices?

Duodenum

What are organic building blocks used for?

Synthesize organic molecules

Where must essential nutrients be obtained from?

From dietary sources

Name two proteases produced by the pancreas.

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

What parts does the ruminant system consist of?

Reticulum, Esophagus, Omasum, Abomasum, Intestine, Rumen

Which enzymes break down disaccharides?

Disaccharidases

What are examples of essential nutrients?

Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

Besides proteases, what other enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Lipase, amylase, nucleases

What is the final product of carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharides

What is malnourishment?

Long-term absence of essential nutrients

What is the function of the alkaline solution produced by the pancreas?

Neutralizes the acidic chyme

What can deficiencies in essential nutrients cause?

Deformities, disease, and death

What results in undernutrition?

Not enough chemical energy

What role does bile play in the small intestine?

Aids in digestion and absorption of fats

In what organ is bile made?

Liver

In what organ is bile stored?

Gallbladder

What will an undernourished individual do first?

Use stored carbohydrates and fat

Which enzymes break down proteins into small polypeptides?

Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin

Which enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary amylase

What does the epithelial lining of the duodenum produce?

Digestive enzymes

What happens after an undernourished individual uses stored carbohydrates and fat?

Break down its own proteins

For what two processes is the small intestine the major organ?

Digestion and absorption

Which enzymes break down small polypeptides in the small intestine?

Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin

What is the end product of carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharides

Where does the absorption of monosaccharides occur?

Small intestine

What is a consequence of breaking down proteins due to undernutrition?

Lose muscle mass

What deficiency can result from undernutrition?

Protein deficiency of the brain

What are the ultimate consequences of undernutrition?

Die or suffer irreversible damage

By what mechanisms are carbohydrates absorbed?

Facilitated diffusion, secondary active co-transport

What is produced by pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin?

Small polypeptides

Which transporters are involved in carbohydrate absorption?

GLUT5, SGLT1, GLUT2

How are amino acids absorbed?

Na+ dependent co-transport

How are di- and tripeptides absorbed?

H+ dependent co-transport

How are small peptides absorbed in pre-weaning babies?

Transcytosis

Where are triglycerides resynthesized from fatty acids and monoglycerides?

Epithelial cell

Which enzyme breaks down small peptides in the small intestine?

Pancreatic carboxypeptidase

Where are chylomicrons transported after formation in the epithelial cell?

Lacteal (Lymfe)

Name three organs involved in food processing.

Mouth, stomach, esophagus

Hvordan reguleres fordøyelsen?

Tilbakemeldingskretser

Which system transports lipids after absorption?

Lymphatic system

Hva hjelper til med å regulere fordøyelsesprosessen?

Enteriske nervesystemet

What is the final product of protein digestion?

Amino acids

How are absorbed nutrients (except lipids) transported?

Hepatic portal vein

Which organ receives absorbed water?

Liver

Hva regulerer også fordøyelsen gjennom frigjøring og transport av hormoner?

Endokrine systemet

Hvilke organer er nevnt i forbindelse med fordøyelsen?

Lever, galleblære, mat, mage, tolvfingertarm

Name four organs that secrete digestive juices.

Salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, pancreas

Name two organs involved in waste elimination.

Rectum, anus

Hva produseres i magen?

Gastriske juicer

What is the storage form of glucose in the body?

Glycogen

Which enzyme digests fat (triglycerides)?

Pancreatic lipase

Hvilket organ produserer enzymer?

Bukspyttkjertel

What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?

70-110 mg glucose/100 mL blood

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels drop?

Glucagon

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise?

Insulin

Hva er nøkkelen til Gastrin, CCK og Secretin?

Stimulering og inhibering

Hva stimulerer Secretin?

HCO3-, enzymer

What are the products of fat digestion by pancreatic lipase?

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

Hvor finnes appetittsenteret?

Appetittsenter i hjernen

Hvilke hormoner er nevnt i forbindelse med appetitt?

Ghrelin, Insulin, Leptin, PYY

Which enzymes digest DNA and RNA?

Pancreatic nucleases

What is produced by pancreatic nucleases?

Nucleotides

What are the final products of nucleic acid digestion?

Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates

Which enzyme is deficient in lactose intolerance?

Lactase

What causes gas production in lactose intolerance?

Bacterial fermentation